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Cajuns (play /?ke?d??n/; French: les Cadiens or les Acadiens, [le kadj??, lez?akadj??]) are an ethnic group mainly living in the U.S. state of Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles (French-speakers from Acadia in what are now the Canadian Maritimes). Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population, and have exerted an enormous impact on the state's culture.[1]
While Lower Louisiana had been settled by French colonists since the late 18th century, the Cajuns trace their roots to the influx of Acadian settlers after the Great Expulsion from their homeland during the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763). The Acadia region to which modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now Nova Scotia and the other Maritime provinces, plus parts of eastern Quebec and northern Maine. Since their establishment in Louisiana the Cajuns have developed their own dialect, Cajun French, and developed a vibrant culture including folkways, music, and cuisine.
Louisiana Creole people refers to those who are descended from the colonial settlers in Louisiana, especially those of French and Spanish descent. The term was first used during colonial times by the settlers to refer to those who were born in the colony, as opposed to those born in the Old World.[2] After the Civil War some, in response to the changing racial climate imposed by the increasingly dominant Anglo-Saxon society (and the anxieties provoked thereby), Creole scholars such as Charles Gayarre and Alcee Fortier began to assert that the word Creole referred exclusively to people of European descent.[3] However, references to "Creoles of Color" and "Creole Slaves" can be found in colonial-era documents, and the term as it is now commonly applied to individuals of mixed-race heritage. Both groups have common European heritage and, in most cases, are related to each other and share cultural ties.[4]
The term "French Creoles" came to be applied to white Creoles, and "Creoles of color", in use in the Colonial era but widely popularized in the 19th-century, came to refer to mixed-race people of African and European ancestry (primarily French and Spanish, although later of additional ethnicities) who were native in the area before the Louisiana Purchase. Some Creoles of color may also have Native American heritage. Both groups of Creoles may have additional European ancestry, such as German, Irish or Italian, related to later immigrants to New Orleans. Most modern Creoles have family ties to Louisiana, particularly New Orleans; they are mostly Catholic in religion; through the nineteenth century, most spoke French and were strongly connected to French colonial culture; and they have had a major impact on the state's culture.[5]
While the sophisticated Créole society of New Orleans has historically received much attention, the Cane River area developed its own strong Créole culture.
A definition of "Créole" from the earliest history in New Orleans (circa 1718) is "a child born in the colony as opposed to France or Spain." The definition became more codified after the United States took control of the city and Louisiana in 1803. The Creoles at that time included the Spanish ruling class, who ruled from the mid-18th century until the early 19th century. Because it had long been a French colony, residents continued to use French language and social customs. The Creoles, commonly known as "French Creoles" (both of French and Spanish descent) were Roman Catholics.[4]
Créole chiefly remained an expression of parochial and colonial government use through both the French and Spanish régimes, a period in which ethnic French and Spanish, born in the New World as opposed to Europe, were referred to as Créole (Logsdon). At the same time, the people of the colony forged a new local identity; however, it is clear that they called themselves French Créoles. Parisian French was the language of early New Orleans. Later it evolved to contain local phrases and slang terms. The French Créoles spoke what became known as Colonial French, as over time the language began to differ from that of the French evolving in France.
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